37. Using Computers, Windograd and Flores, 1986

• Chapter comes from Understanding Computers and Cognition 
• Winograd heads the Human-Computer Interaction program at Stanford University
• Authors offer a critique of artificial intelligence and how it is affecting the way that humans naturally, without the computer technology, think.
• They use German philosopher Heidegger's approaches to "uncover a rigidity within analytic computational models"
• The authors believe that "the essence of intelligence is to act appropriately when there is no simple pre-definition of the problem or the space of states in which to search for a solution."
• We should think of computers as tools
• What have we gained from computers culturally?  How can we create a positive direction for new media development
• Ontological Design - looks at human interaction and communication in specific situations